which it is to be conducted; all inconveniences
          and hazards reasonably to be expected; and the
          effects upon his health or person which may possibly
          come from his participation in the experiment.

          (2) The concept of the human subject shall be in
          writing, his signature shall be affixed to a written
          instrument setting forth substantially the afore-
          mentioned requirements and shall be signed in the
          presence of at least one witness who shall attest to
          such signature in writing.

              (a) In experiments where personnel from more
          than one Service are involved the Secretary of the
          Service which is exercising primary responsibility
          for conducting the experiment is designated to pre-
          pare such an instrument and coordinate it for use
          by all the Services having human volunteers involved
          in the experiment.

          (3) The duty and responsibility for ascertaining
          the quality of the consent rests upon each individual
          who initiates, directs or engages in the experiment.
          It is a personal duty and responsibility which may
          not be delegated to another with impunity.

        b. The experiment should be such as to yield fruitful
results for the good of society, unprocurable by other methods
or means of study, and not random and unnecessary in nature.

        c. The number of volunteers used shall be kept at a
minimum consistent with item b., above.

        d. The experiment should be so designed and based on the
results of animal experimentation and a knowledge of the natural
history of the disease or other problem under study that the
anticipated results will justify the performance of the experiment.

        e. The experiment should be so conducted as to avoid all
unnecessary physical and mental suffering and injury.

        f. No experiment should be conducted where there is an
a priori reason to believe that death or disabling injury will
occur.

        g. The degree of risk to be taken should never exceed
that determined by the humanitarian importance of the problem
to be solved by the experiment.